New Frontier in the Treatment of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases recognized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in secretion in insulin, insulin action or both. There are different types of diabetes like Type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, secondary diabetes, wolfram syndrome and autoimmune polyglandular syndrome. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are most common type of diabetes. Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss slow wound healing, etc. are common symptoms of Diabetes. Diabetes can be genetic; autoimmune, medical related or even diet related. In this article causes and treatment of diabetes is discussed in detail. It includes glimpse of novel technologies like patches, pump and pens, etc. It also includes momentary of other treatment like oral and Injectable hypoglycemic drug and surgical treatments. A glance of latest innovation for measuring glucose level in body with help of sweat, breath and saliva are explained. Keywords: Diabetes; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (TY2DM), Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, clicksoft microinjection, insulin pen, v-g

ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS ABOUT LEPROSY AMONG MEDICAL COLLEGE STUDENTS IN MEWAT REGION OF HARYANA

Introduction -Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease which still remains a serious public health problem due to its ability to cause disability. The prevention of leprosy ultimately lies in the early diagnosis and treatment of the individuals having leprosy. Changing leprosy scenario has led to requirement of leprosy education. However the knowledge of medical college students on leprosy remains unknown. Aim: To assess the post-sensitization knowledge and awareness of medical students after state leprosy sensitization program. Materials and methods: A questionnaire based, cross sectional study was conducted among 107 medical students of different years starting from 2nd year and onwards in the month of July 2017 after state leprosy sensitization program. Results: Among the medical students 70 (75%) were male students and 37(25%) were female students coming from different years of their admission in medical college .Regarding the basic knowledge of leprosy 100 % of 3nd year and final year students were having knowledge about the cause of leprosy and 100% of final year and 3rd year medical students know about other name of Leprosy (Hansen,s disease) respectively.100% of final year, 3rd year and 2nd year medical students had knowledge about multidrug therapy (MDT) in in-depth knowledge of leprosy respectively. Regarding the virulence of bacilli 87%, 60% and 63% of final, 3rd and 2nd year medical students had apt knowledge respectively. Conclusion-These observations suggest that the basic and in-depth knowledge of medical students about cause, types, prevention and treatment etc. of leprosy shows increasing trend owing to the part of their curriculum. However there is still a need to organize sensitization programs at regular intervals to impart basic and in-depth knowledge to new medical students, as well as to update the knowledge of those who already had such sensitization programs.Keywords: Awareness; Knowledge; Leprosy; Sensitization

ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS ABOUT LEPROSY AMONG MEDICAL COLLEGE STUDENTS IN MEWAT REGION OF HARYANA

Introduction -Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease which still remains a serious public health problem due to its ability to cause disability. The prevention of leprosy ultimately lies in the early diagnosis and treatment of the individuals having leprosy. Changing leprosy scenario has led to requirement of leprosy education. However the knowledge of medical college students on leprosy remains unknown. Aim: To assess the post-sensitization knowledge and awareness of medical students after state leprosy sensitization program. Materials and methods: A questionnaire based, cross sectional study was conducted among 107 medical students of different years starting from 2nd year and onwards in the month of July 2017 after state leprosy sensitization program. Results: Among the medical students 70 (75%) were male students and 37(25%) were female students coming from different years of their admission in medical college .Regarding the basic knowledge of leprosy 100 % of 3nd year and final year students were having knowledge about the cause of leprosy and 100% of final year and 3rd year medical students know about other name of Leprosy (Hansen,s disease) respectively.100% of final year, 3rd year and 2nd year medical students had knowledge about multidrug therapy (MDT) in in-depth knowledge of leprosy respectively. Regarding the virulence of bacilli 87%, 60% and 63% of final, 3rd and 2nd year medical students had apt knowledge respectively. Conclusion-These observations suggest that the basic and in-depth knowledge of medical students about cause, types, prevention and treatment etc. of leprosy shows increasing trend owing to the part of their curriculum. However there is still a need to organize sensitization programs at regular intervals to impart basic and in-depth knowledge to new medical students, as well as to update the knowledge of those who already had such sensitization programs.Keywords: Awareness; Knowledge; Leprosy; Sensitization

Evidence-based focused approach for fulfillment of aims: Experiences of an asthma clinic

Background: A new health system for the 21st century should be based on the best scientific knowledge, according to the Institute of Medicine, US. Objective: We have evaluated the effectiveness of asthma clinic providing comprehensive care based on the best available scientific evidence. Materials and Methods: This intervention study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital having a devoted asthma clinic for the  comprehensive management. All children diagnosed as having asthma were included, and data of cases managed from July 2014 to June 2016 were analyzed. Intervention - comprehensive management of asthma including assessment, monitoring, health education, avoidance of triggers, management of comorbid conditions, appropriate medications, written asthma action plan, and counseling for follow-up. Outcome measures were treatment direction, asthma control, emergency visits, and hospitalizations. Results: 260 children were treated over a 2-year period. The effects of focused approach with progressive expertise lead to statistically significant benefits over the two successive years from July 2014 to June 2015 and July 2015 to June2016. These were in: (i) Treatment direction: Cases requiring stepping up of treatment decreased from 36.49% to 17.24% (relative risk [RR]: 0.473 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.249-0.895]); p=0.01229, (ii) asthma control: Cases with not well-controlled asthma decreased from 16.44% to 7.02% (RR 0.427: [95% CI: 0.199-0.914]); p=0.045, (iii) emergency department visits decreased from 35.62% to 21.05% (RR 0.591: [95% CI: 0.39-0.897]), p=0.00766, (iv) hospitalizations decreased from 16.44% to 5.26% (RR 0.32: [95% CI: 0.135-0.757]), p=0.00462. Conclusion: Establishing an asthma clinic and progressive expertise leads to significant beneficial results

Transcriptional Profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an in vitro Model of Intraocular Tuberculosis

Background: Intraocular tuberculosis (IOTB), an extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis of the eye, has unique and varied clinical presentations with poorly understood pathogenesis. As it is a significant cause of inflammation and visual morbidity, particularly in TB endemic countries, it is essential to study the pathogenesis of IOTB. Clinical and histopathologic studies suggest the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells.Methods: A human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cell line was infected with a virulent strain of M. tuberculosis (H37Rv). Electron microscopy and colony forming units (CFU) assay were performed to monitor the M. tuberculosis adherence, invasion, and intracellular replication, whereas confocal microscopy was done to study its intracellular fate in the RPE cells. To understand the pathogenesis, the transcriptional profile of M. tuberculosis in ARPE-19 cells was studied by whole genome microarray. Three upregulated M. tuberculosis transcripts were also examined in human IOTB vitreous samples.Results: Scanning electron micrographs of the infected ARPE-19 cells indicated adherence of bacilli, which were further observed to be internalized as monitored by transmission electron microscopy. The CFU assay showed that 22.7 and 8.4% of the initial inoculum of bacilli adhered and invaded the ARPE-19 cells, respectively, with an increase in fold CFU from 1 dpi (0.84) to 5dpi (6.58). The intracellular bacilli were co-localized with lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) and LAMP-2 in ARPE-19 cells. The transcriptome study of intracellular bacilli showed that most of the upregulated transcripts correspond to the genes encoding the proteins involved in the processes such as adherence (e.g., Rv1759c and Rv1026), invasion (e.g., Rv1971 and Rv0169), virulence (e.g., Rv2844 and Rv0775), and intracellular survival (e.g., Rv1884c and Rv2450c) as well as regulators of various metabolic pathways. Two of the upregulated transcripts (Rv1971, Rv1230c) were also present in the vitreous samples of the IOTB patients.Conclusions:M. tuberculosis is phagocytosed by RPE cells and utilizes these cells for intracellular multiplication with the involvement of late endosomal/lysosomal compartments and alters its transcriptional profile plausibly for its intracellular adaptation and survival. The findings of the present study could be important to understanding the molecular pathogenesis of IOTB with a potential role in the development of diagnostics and therapeutics for IOTB

Software Solution: Against Cold Boot Attack

Abstract — DRAM is an important memory of a computer. Microprocessor loads the data requested by the user into DRAM before processing the data. Hence, DRAM contains important information in a computer. Recently, researchers discovered that DRAM is vulnerable to attack that is called Cold boot attack. DRAM contents can be recovered even after the computer has been powered off for several minutes. The information obtained can be often use to break the disk encryption system such as File vault. In this paper, we proposed the methodology which explains the complete process and describe the safeguard methods. We design a system keeping few things in our mind the accessibility for the user and Security. This System is defines as a software solution to the cold boot problem. We also used additional feature to prevent DRAM from the machine replacement. The System is designed as the procedure to secure the encryption key and prevent the machine from attack

A scene perception system for visually impaired based on object detection and classification using CNN

In this paper we have developed a system for visually impaired people using OCR and machine learning. Optical Character Recognition is an automated data entry tool. To convert handwritten, typed or printed text into data that can be edited on a computer, OCR software is used. The paper documents are scanned on simple systems with an image scanner. Then, the OCR program looks at the image and compares letter shapes to stored letter images. OCR in English has evolved over the course of half a century to a point that we have established application that can seamlessly recognize English text. This may not be the case for Indian languages, as they are much more complex in structure and computation compared to English. Therefore, creating an OCR that can execute Indian languages as suitably as it does for English becomes a must. Devanagari is one of the Indian languages spoken by more than 70% of people in Maharashtra, so some attention should be given to studying ancient scripts and literature. The main goal is to develop a Devanagari character recognition system that can be implemented in the Devanagari script to recognize different characters, as well as some words

Analysis of marine heatwaves over the Bay of Bengal during 1982–2021

Abstract Anomalous increase in sea surface temperature and its impact on natural ecosystems greatly interests the research community. Here we investigate the causes, impacts, and trends of marine heat wave (MHW) events in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) from 1982 to 2021. A total of 107 MHW events have been isolated (> 90th percentile threshold) in this Indian Ocean region, and their variation in intensity, duration, and frequency has been investigated. Our research unveils that an average of three MHW events/year accompanied by a linearly increasing trend of 1.11 MHW events/decade has been observed over the study region. It was also found that the most intense event was observed in 2016, which continued for 69 days, and had a maximum intensity of 5.29 °C and a mean intensity of 2.03 °C (above climatology mean). Moreover, it was observed that the net heat flux, along with anticyclonic eddies, was the primary cause of MHW events. Anticyclonic eddies associated with positive sea surface height anomaly were observed (> 0.20 m) in the vicinity of the most intense MHW event. Additionally, climate change and climate modes like El Niño and Indian Ocean Dipole show a high positive influence on the MHW events. Furthermore, we have examined the MHW event recurrence patterns in various regions of the BoB. From the monthly analysis, it was found that August and November had the most occurrences of MHWs, while April and May had the most extreme MHW events